The Republic of Zimbabwe

The Republic of Zimbabwe is a country located in the southern part of the continent of Africa, between the Victoria Falls, Zambesi river, Kariba Dam and Limpopo river. It is bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the west, Zambia to the north and Mozambique to the east.

Official language  English
Capital  Harare
Harare's Coordinates  17? 50' S, 31? 03' E
President  Robert Mugabe
Area
 - Total
 - % water  Ranked 59th
390,580 km?
1%
Population
 - Total (2003)
 -Density  Ranked 66th
12,576,742
32/km?
Independence
 - Declared
 - Recognised Rhodesian Civil War
(as Rhodesia) Nov. 11, 1965
(as Zimbabwe) Apr. 17, 1980
Currency  Zimbabwe dollar (Z$)
Time zone  UTC +2 (DST, yes or not)
National anthem  Kalibusiswe Ilizwe leZimbabwe (Blessed be the land of Zimbabwe)
Internet TLD  .zw
Calling Code  263

Contents
1 History
2 Politics
3 Education
4 Provinces
5 Geography
6 Economy
7 Demographics
8 Culture
9 Miscellaneous topics
10 External links
History

Main article: History of Zimbabwe

Iron Age Bantu-speaking peoples began migrating into the area about 2,000 years ago, including the ancestors of the Shona, who account for roughly four fifths of the country's population today. Ruins at Great Zimbabwe, a Shona-speaking state, attest the existence of a medieval Bantu civilization in the region. Linked to the establishment of trade ties with Muslim merchants on the Indian Ocean coast around the early 10th century, Great Zimbabwe began to develop in the 11th century. The state traded gold, ivory, and copper for cloth and glass. It ceased to be the leading Shona state in the mid-15th century.

In 1837 the Shona were conquered by the Ndebele, led by king Mzilikazi who was fleeing Shaka and his Zulu during the Mfecane, who forced them to pay tribute. Later in the 19th century British and Boer traders, hunters, and missionaries started encroaching on the area.

In 1888 British imperialist Cecil Rhodes extracted mining rights from King Lobengula of the Ndebele. In 1889 Rhodes obtained a charter for the British South Africa Company, which conquered the Ndebele and their territory (named "Rhodesia" in 1895 after Cecil Rhodes) and promoted the colonization of the region and its land, labor, and precious metal and mineral resources. Both the Ndebele and the Shona staged unsuccessful revolts against white colonialist encroachment on their native lands in 1896-1897.

In 1911 the territory was divided into Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) and Southern Rhodesia, the latter becoming a self-governing British colony in 1922. In 1953 the two parts of Rhodesia were reunited, and combined with Nyasaland, modern day Malawi in the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, and after its dissolution in 1963 the whites demanded independence from Southern Rhodesia (Rhodesia from 1964).

As African majority governments were assuming control in neighboring Northern Rhodesia and in Nyasaland, the white-minority government, led by Ian Smith, declared unilateral independence on November 11, 1965. The United Kingdom called the declaration an act of rebellion but did not reestablish control by force. When negotiations in 1966 and 1968 proved fruitless, the UK requested UN economic sanctions against Rhodesia. The white-minority regime declared itself a republic in 1970. It was not recognized by the UK or by any other nation.

As guerrilla activities fighting minority rule intensified, the Smith regime opened negotiations with the leaders of the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU), led by Robert Mugabe after the assassination of Herbert Chitepo in Zambia in 1975, and the Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU), led by Joshua Nkomo. With his regime near the brink of collapse, Smith in March 1978 signed a desperate accord with three black leaders who offered safeguards for whites headed by Bishop Abel Muzorewa.

Muzorewa, who not only had the support of Smith but with the white-minority regime in South Africa as well, lacked credibility among significant sectors of the African population. The Muzorewa government soon faltered. In 1979 the British Government asked all parties to come to Lancaster House in an attempt to negotiate a settlement in the civil war.

Following the conference, held in London (1979-1980), Britain's Lord Soames was appointed governor to oversee the disarming of revolutionary guerrillas, the holding of elections, and the granting of independence to an uneasy coalition government with Joshua Nkomo, head of Zimbabwe African People's Union. In the free elections of February 1980, Mugabe and his Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) won a landslide victory. Mugabe has won reelection ever since.

In 1982 Nkomo was ousted from his cabinet, sparking fighting (known as the Gukurahundi) between ZAPU supporters in the Ndebele-speaking region of the country and the ruling ZANU. A peace accord was negotiated in 1987, resulting in ZAPU's merger (1988) into the ZANU-PF.

The drought in southern Africa, perhaps the worst of the century, affected Zimbabwe so severely that a national disaster was declared in 1992. The drought compounded the country's debt crisis, and the ensuing IMF-backed economic adjustment and austerity program caused further widespread hardship.

Despite majority rule, whites made up less than 1% of the population but held 70% of the country's commercially viable arable land. Land redistribution reemerged as the vital issue beginning in 1999.

In the aftermath of Mugabe's handling of the land crisis, which moved to redistribute land to blacks, Zimbabwe was suspended from the Commonwealth of Nations on charges of human rights abuses and of election tampering in 2002. Later, Zimbabwe withdrew from the Commonwealth.

The UN has recently estimated that 34% of the population has HIV/AIDS.
Politics

Main article: Politics of Zimbabwe

Zimbabwe is a republic, with an executive president and a unicameral parliament, known as the House of Assembly. Robert Mugabe, elected Prime Minister in 1980, revised the constitution in 1987 to make himself President, and in 1990 to abolish the Senate. Mugabe and his party have won every election since coming to power. Presidential elections were last held in 2002 amid allegations of vote-rigging, intimidation, and fraud. The next Presidential elections are to be held 2008.

Education

Zimbabwe had a literacy rate of 90% in the 2000, the highest in Africa, but this is quickly changing and in 2003, Zimbabwe had a literacy rate of 65%. This change is mainly driven by the financial hardship that the country is currently facing, but government interference also haven't helped. The financial strain in the country have resulted to most students dropping out of school due to lack of school fees (equivalent to 5 British pound) and the productive teachers emigrating for numerous reasons. [1] (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4045805.stm)
Provinces

Main article: Provinces of Zimbabwe

Zimbabwe is divided into 8 provinces and 2 cities with provincial status: Bulawayo (city), Harare (city), Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Masvingo, Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, and Midlands.
Geography

Main article: Geography of Zimbabwe
Economy

Main article: Economy of Zimbabwe

The government of Zimbabwe faces a wide variety of difficult economic problems as it struggles to consolidate earlier progress in developing a market-oriented economy. Its involvement in the war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, for example, drained hundreds of millions of dollars from the economy. Badly needed support from the IMF suffers delays in part because of the country's failure to meet budgetary goals. Inflation rose from an annual rate of 32% in 1998 to 59% in 1999 and to 600% in 2003. The economy is being steadily weakened by AIDS; Zimbabwe has the highest rate of infection in the world.
Map of Zimbabwe

The destruction of much of Zimbabwe's agricultural base through the seizing of mainly white-owned farms throughout 1999 and 2000 has ruined the Zimbabwean economy. Many of the dispossessed Zimbabwean farmers moved to neighboring southern African countries. The political situation makes it unlikely that the West will be inclined to do much more than provide humanitarian assistance.

The lack of foreign currency, as well as the difference between the official exchange rate (officially 5300 to the US$, while 7500 to the dollar is available on the black market) have resulted in fuel shortages and a lack of basic supplies. In 2003 Libya supplied fuel, partially in exchange for land, but Zimbabwe could not meet the basic payments, and supplies stopped.

In 2004 a system of auctioning scarce foreign currency for importers was introduced, bringing more rationality to exchange rates.
Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Zimbabwe
Culture

Main article: Culture of Zimbabwe

Zimbabwe celebrates its national holiday on April 18.

    * Music of Zimbabwe
    * List of writers from Zimbabwe

Miscellaneous topics

    * Communications in Zimbabwe
    * Transportation in Zimbabwe
    * Military of Zimbabwe
    * List of cities in Zimbabwe
    * Place names in Zimbabwe
    * Land reform in Zimbabwe
    * Foreign relations of Zimbabwe
    * Reporters without borders World-wide press freedom index 2002: Rank 122 out of 139 countries

External links

    * SADC Database (http://www.sadc-fanr.org.zw/sadcbase.htm) - Database on Food & Agriculture in SADC Countries
    * RSF report on Zimbabwe from 2002 (http://www.rsf.fr/article.php3?id_article=1814&var_recherche=zimbabwe)
    * Zimbabwe Facts (http://www.world-atlas.net/Zimbabwe)
    * Amnesty International (Zimbabwe) (http://www.amnesty.ca/zimbabwe/)
    * Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum (http://www.hrforumzim.com/)
    * ZIMBABWE Information and Links (http://www.zimbabwe.8m.com/)
    * The history of land reform in Zimbabwe (http://samvak.tripod.com/landreform.html)