Yakut

Sakha Republic (Russian: ?????�????? ????� (???�???), Respublika Sakha (Yakutia); Yakut: ????, Sakha) is a federal subject of the Russian Federation (a republic). It is located in the Far Eastern Federal District.

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Sakha Flag
(In detail)
image:RussiaSakha.png
Official languages  Yakut, Russian
Political status  Autonomous republic
Capital  Yakutsk
President  Vyacheslav Shtyrov
Area
 - Total
 - % water  Ranked 1st
3,103,200 km²
17%
Population
 - Total (2002)
 - Density  Ranked 58th
1,032,000
0.3/km²
Independence
Granted  from Russia
1992
Currency  Russian ruble (RUR)
Time zone  UTC +3
National anthem  Hymn of the Republic of Sakha
Internet TLD  .RU
Calling Code  7
State religion
Other religions Religious freedom
Russian Orthodox Church, Shamanism

Contents
1 Geography
2 Administrative Division
3 History
4 Economy

4.1 Transportation
5 Politics
6 Language
7 Trivia
8 External links
Geography

Sakha stretches to the Henrietta Islands in the far north and is washed by the Arctic Ocean (Laptev and Eastern Siberian Seas). These waters, the coldest and iciest of all seas in the northern hemisphere, are covered by ice for 9-10 months of the year. The Stanovoy Ridge borders Yakutia in the south, the upper reaches of the Olenyok River form the western border, and Chukotka forms the eastern border.

Sakha can be divided into three great vegetation belts. About 40% of Sakha lies above the Arctic circle and all of it is covered by permafrost which greatly influences the region's ecology and limits forests in the southern region. Arctic and subarctic tundra define the middle region, where lichen and moss grow as great green carpets and are favorite pastures for reindeer. In the southern part of the tundra belt, scattered stands of dwarf Siberian pine and larch grow along the rivers. Below the tundra is the vast taiga forest region. Larch trees dominate in the north and, in the south, stands of fir and pine begin to appear. Taiga forests cover about 47% of Yakutia and almost 90% of this cover is larch.

Yakutia's greatest mountain range, the Verkhoyansk, runs parallel and east of the Lena River, forming a great arc that begins the Sea of Okhotsk and ends in the Laptev Sea (Arctic Ocean). This great range has hundreds of small tributaries which flow into the Lena as it moves northward. The Cherky Range runs east of the Verkhoyansk and has the highest peak in Yakutia, Peak Pobeda (5,147 m). Even further east are the gold-rich Kolyma Mountains, which stretch all the way to Chukotka.
Administrative Division

    Main article: Administrative division of Sakha

History

The Sakha arrived relatively recently in their current geographical area. They are heterogeneous of Turkic and Mongoloid origin. They absorbed the hunter-gatherer tribes (including the Chinyik) and after centuries of consolidation, began to call themselves 'Sakha'. However, the Malaty are still holding on.

The Evenki referred to the Sakha as "Yako" and this term was adopted by the Russians when they began arriving in the region in the early 17th century. Tygyn, 'prince' of the Khangalassky Yakuts, granted territory for Russian settlement. The Lenskiy Ostrog (Fort Lensky), the future city of Yakutsk, was founded by the Cossack, Pyotr Beketov, on September 25, 1632 is the date of the first stockade construction. In August, 1638, the Moscow Government formed a new administrative unit centred on Lenskiy Ostrog which cemented the town's ascendancy in the territory.

Russians established agriculture in the Lena Basin. The members of religious groups who were banished to Sakha in the second half of the 19th century religious groups who had been exiled to the region began to grow wheat, oats, and potatoes. The Fur trade established a cash economy. Industry and transport began to develop at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the Soviet period. This was also the beginning of geological prospecting, mining, and local lead production. The first steam-powered ships and barges arrived.

In 1922 former 'Yakolskaya land' was proclaimed the Yakut Autonomous Soviet Republic and in 1992, after the fall of the Soviet Union, it was recognised in Moscow as the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) as an Internal Republic of the Russian Federation.
Economy

The Sakha Republic is well endowed with raw materials. The soil contains large reserves of oil, gas, coal, diamonds, gold and silver. Industry generates 43% of the gross national product stemming primarily from mineral exploitation. The diamond, gold and tin ore mining industries are the major focus of the economy. 99% of all Russian diamonds are mined in Sakha. The indigenous peoples are well-known as hunters, fishermen and reindeer herders.
Transportation

Water transport ranks first for cargo turnover. There are six rivers and two sea ports, three shipping companies besides the Arctic Sea Shipping company. Air transport is the most important for transporting people. Airlines connect the Republic with most regions of Russia. Yakutsk airport has an international terminal. Two federal roads pass the Republic. They are Yakutsk-Bolshoi Niever and Yakutsk-Kolyma. The Berkakit-Aldan railroad is in operation at present. It links the Baikal-Amur railroad with the industrial centers in South Yakutia.
Politics

The republic has independence within the Russian Federation as an Independent Internal Republic of Russian Federation. The supreme legislative body of state authority in Sakha Republic (Yakutia) is a bicameral State Assembly known as the "IL Tumen". President of Sakha Republic (Yakutia) is the head of the state. The government of Sakha Republic (Yakutia) is the executive body of state authority.

The first President of Sakha was Mikhail E. Nikolaev.
The current President of Sakha is Vyacheslav A. Shtyrov.
The Chairman of the Parliament (Prime Minister) (?) is Aleksandr Akimov.
Language

Official languages are Yakut, (also known as Sakha), spoken by approximately 25% of the population. The Yakut language is Turkic with Mongolian influence. There are also borrowings from Sakha’s Paleosiberian indigenous peoples.

Russian is spoken as a lingua franca by all ethnic groups.

See also: Yakut
Trivia

    * Sakha is also known for its climate extremes, with Verkhoyansk Range being the coldest area in the northern hemisphere. The Northern Hemisphere's ‘Cold Pole’ is at Oymyakon, where the temperatures have reached as low as -70°C in January, 1926.
    * "Lenin" was the most well known of Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov’s revolutionary pseudonyms. He is believed to have created it to show his opposition to Georgi Plekhanov who used the pseudonym Volgin, after the Volga River. Ulyanov picked the Lena which is longer and flows in the opposite direction.
    * Sakha is the Largest subnational entity in the world.

Yakut Links

Yakut in Russia - Information from the Minorities at Risk Project, by Mike Dravis.
-- http://www.bsos.umd.edu/cidcm/mar/rusyakut.htm   Regional: Europe: Russia: Society and Culture: Ethnicity: Arctic and Siberian: Yakut   (6)

Yakut - The Yakut people live in Siberia in the basin of the Middle Lena River and the Aldan and Vilyuy rivers.
-- http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/EthnoAtlas/Hmar/Cult_dir/Culture.7883   Science: Social Sciences: Anthropology: Cultural Anthropology: Ethnography   (1)

Sakha - Yakut Language - Yakut language materials with Russian translations at Katerina Potapova's web-site, Bonn University.
-- http://www.uni-bonn.de/~uzsylm/sakha/bib/   Science: Social Sciences: Linguistics: Languages: Natural: Altaic: Turkic: Northeastern Turkic Languages   (3)

Yakut Sigorta ve Reas�rans Brokerli�i A.�. - Top/World/T�rk�e/Ekonomi_ve_��_D�nyas�/Sigorta/Sigorta_Brokerleri
-- http://www.yakutsigorta.com.tr   World: T�rk�e: Ekonomi ve �� D�nyas�: Sigorta: Sigorta Brokerleri   (1)

Holy Trees of the Yakut People - Brief description of tree symbolism among the Yakut people of Siberia.
-- http://www.highlands.vic.edu.au/trees/amazing/yakut.htm   Society: Folklore: Literature: Tales: Animals and Plants: Trees   (1)

Yakut Sigorta - Sigorta acentesinin sitesinde tarih�e, hizmetler, �r�nler ve referanslar hakk�nda bilgiler, formlar yer almaktad�r.
-- http://www.yakutsigorta.com.tr   World: T�rk�e: B�lgesel: Orta Do�u: T�rkiye: B�lgeler: Marmara: �stanbul: Ekonomi ve �� D�nyas�: Finansal Hizmetler   (1)

ATS Gold - Yakut, z�mr�t, safir ta�lar�yla s�slenmi� alt�n tak�lar bulunuyor.
-- http://www.atsgold.com/   World: T�rk�e: Al��veri�: M�cevher   (1)

Zen P�rlanta - Alt�n, tria, yakut, z�mr�t, safir, elmas gibi k�ymetli maden ve ta�lardan tak� imalat� ve tasar�m�.
-- http://www.zenpirlanta.com/   World: T�rk�e: Ekonomi ve �� D�nyas�: Kuyumcular   (1)

Christianity and Shamanism: First International Consultation - Introduction and seven chapters about shamanism and Christianity. Focuses on the relation between Christian doctrine and shamanism in Korean and Yakut cultures.
-- http://www.oxfordu.net/seoul/   Society: Religion and Spirituality: Shamanism: Korean   (1)

Minority Languages of Russia on the Net - Fonts, codepages, keyboard drivers and other utilities for the following languages in and around the Russian Federation: Altai, Bashkir, Buryat, Chechen, Chukchi, Chuvash, Itelmen, Kalmyk, Karelian, Khakas, Khanty, Komi, Koryak, Mansi, Mari, Nenets, Nivkh, Saami, Selkup, Tatar, Tuvan, Udmurt, Vepsian and Yakut.
-- http://www.peoples.org.ru/eng_font.html   Computers: Software: Globalization: Character Encoding: Cyrillic   (1)

Baghdad under the Abbasids - A description of the city under Abbasid rule by Yakut (c. 1000 CE); from the Medieval Sourcebook.
-- http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1000baghdad.html   Society: Religion and Spirituality: Islam: History: Dynasties and Empires: Abbasid   (1)

Segmentary Hierarchy of Identity: The Case of Yakuts and Evens in Northern Yakutia - Article by Shiro Sasaki, discussing the ethnic identity and socio-cultural units of the Yakut and Even.
-- http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/sympo/97summer/sasaki.html   Regional: Europe: Russia: Society and Culture: Ethnicity: Arctic and Siberian   (1)

Creation Story Theatre - One-man shamanic performance of Byenai and Lena--the creation myth of the Yakut People of Siberia--and other stories from indigenous cultures. Contact information, video stills and performance description.
-- http://www.creationstorytheatre.com/   Arts: Performing Arts: Theatre: Troupes and Companies: North America: United States: Colorado   (1)

Yakut - Profile of the Yakut people, from NUPI - Centre for Russian Studies.
-- http://www.nupi.no/cgi-win/Russland/etnisk_b.exe?Yakutian   Regional: Europe: Russia: Society and Culture: Ethnicity: Arctic and Siberian: Yakut   (6)

Eder Saas - Online journal ("Youth") in the Yakut language, covering current events, trends, and sport.
-- http://www.ykt.ru/edersaas/   Science: Social Sciences: Linguistics: Languages: Natural: Altaic: Turkic: Northeastern Turkic Languages   (3)

Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) - Profile of the Sakha (Yakut) Republic, from the Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge.
-- http://www.spri.cam.ac.uk/rfn/sakha.htm   Regional: Europe: Russia: Society and Culture: Ethnicity: Arctic and Siberian: Yakut   (6)

Dalbar Khotun - Women's e-zine ("Hostess of the Hearth"), a socio-political, cultural, illustrated publication in the Yakut language for women and family reading.
-- http://www.ykt.ru/dalbar/   Science: Social Sciences: Linguistics: Languages: Natural: Altaic: Turkic: Northeastern Turkic Languages   (3)

Homepage of Brigitte Pakendorf - Researching the origin of the Yakut from a genetic and linguistic point of view; includes CV.
-- http://email.eva.mpg.de/~pakendor/   Regional: Europe: Russia: Society and Culture: Ethnicity: Arctic and Siberian: Yakut   (6)

The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia): Between Turkestan and North Asia - Article by Bruno de Cordier, published in the journal Bitig.
-- http://www.turkiye.net/sota/yakut.html   Regional: Europe: Russia: Society and Culture: Ethnicity: Arctic and Siberian: Yakut   (6)

GeoNative - Sakha - Yakutia - Sakha placenames, from the GeoNative website.
-- http://www.geocities.com/Athens/9479/yakut.html   Regional: Europe: Russia: Society and Culture: Ethnicity: Arctic and Siberian: Yakut   (6)